The sistrum, an ancient percussion instrument, was commonly shaken during religious ceremonies to signify the presence of a deity. In Egypt, it is believed to have mimicked the sound of rustling papyrus stalks. Unlike enclosed rattles, the sistrum features rings or discs on one or more rods, which produce sound externally. When these rods are set within a frame, they are referred to as frame or sliding rattles. In some sliding rattles, the rods themselves are movable, serving as the rattles. The sistrum discovered in Tutankhamun’s tomb uniquely combines snake-shaped rods with square discs as rattles. Similar design elements can also be seen in silver instruments used in Armenian and Syrian worship rituals.
Sistrum players in a relief from the tomb of Nunuter, 6th dynasty, Giza, Egypt.
A sound sample of an Anatolian sistrum.
Originally a sacred instrument dedicated to the goddess Hathor, the sistrum became a symbol of life-giving energies, rooted in ancient water and fertility rituals, as well as a tool in spiritual practices honoring various deities. In ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece, it was widely adopted as a priestly instrument in the Isis cult (Apuleius). To this day, the sistrum holds significance in Coptic worship and is still used by Ethiopian Christians alongside the drum, albeit stripped of its pagan embellishments. Ancient Egyptian sistrums were often adorned with depictions of Hathor, Isis, the jester Bes, the sphinx, falcons, and other animal or plant motifs. Fired clay sistrums decorated with papyrus umbels point to the instrument’s mythological origins in a cult ceremony where young women honored the goddess by plucking aquatic plants from the Nile River and shaking them to produce a rustling sound. This act, known as “making a seshesh” inspired the instrument’s name, and in later practices, the sistrum was often shaken alongside bundles of plants.
This according to this month’s featured article on the sistrum in MGG Online.
Above, a short instructional video on the Egyptian sistrum.
The library of the Institut du Monde Arabe (Arab World Institute) in Paris is home to an extensive collection of writings on music from the Arab world, a region stretching from the Atlas Mountains to the Indian Ocean. This series of blog posts highlights selections from this collection, along with abstracts written by RILM staff members contained inRILM Abstracts of Music Literature, the comprehensive bibliography of writings about music and music-related subjects.
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New, alternative, or underground music in the Arab world is not quite underground. It might be hidden, but in plain sight. Local in expression, it is global in its reach. Its new sounds defy and redefine the old. It protests it. It embraces it. It carries the youth’s inclination to break from norms as well as their yearning to belong. Classifying music as “new” in the Arab world can be fraught with assumptions indeed. From creating DJ samples that draw young clubgoers in Tunisia and protest hip hop in Ramallah to the remixing of ṭarab music in electronic music scenes, young Arab musicians are not short of imagination. These repertoires–the music of a young generation–reveal a whole new world.
In Tunisia, the words of rapper Hamada ben Amor became an anthem for the revolution, while in Libya, rapper Ibn Thabit gained prominence in 2009 for his critiques of the Gaddafi regime. In Egypt, the band Cairokee merged the Egyptian old with reggae beats and rock drums. In Lebanon, Mashrou’ Leila’s lyrics defied societal norms of gender and sexuality. In Morocco, Arabic and Berber became rap’s first tongue, and the local gnawa and chaabi came to incorporate elements of reggae and rock. Across the region, young women musicians have taken center stage, defying stereotypes and asserting the slogan ṣawt al-mar’aẗ ṯawraẗ صوت المرأة ثورة (a woman’s voice is a revolution). Outside of the Arab world, alternative, underground, and new music scenes have emerged among immigrant communities, notably in Europe and North America. Local and diasporic musical scenes connect on streaming platforms and Instagram pages, through YouTube clicks, “like” buttons, and TikTok “repost”.
Mashrou’ Leila from Lebanon.
New or alternative music styles proliferated across the region in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring, which provided an outlet for youth to express their frustrations with prevailing sociopolitical realities and articulate their aspirations for the future. As a revolutionary ethos dominated public discourse, activists created alternative public spaces for dissent, where they expressed their views on political and social issues and created art and music. These new musical forms became the soundtrack of popular movements, largely sustained by youth ages 15–29, a demographic constituting approximately 30 percent of the population of the Arab world in 2019.[1]
A performance by the Lebanese alternative rock band, Who Killed Bruce Lee, at the Institut du Monde Arabe in 2017.
Academic studies of emerging styles and scenes have remained limited as scholarly engagement is marked by long research periods and publication processes. However, other genres of writing have successfully captured and commented on these musical phenomena in real time. The annotated bibliography of journalistic, artistic, and academic writing below presents select titles that document, and in some cases analyze, the rise of the stylistic innovation that characterize the music of a new, young Arab generation.
Written and compiled by Farah Zahra, Associate Editor, RILM
[1] Arab Barometer, “Youth in Middle East and North Africa”, https://www.arabbarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/ABV_Youth_Report_Public-Opinion_Middle-East-North-Africa_2019-1.pdf
Annotated bibliography
Brehony, Louis. Palestinian music in exile: Voices of resistance (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2023). [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2023-22405; IMA catalogue reference].
A historical and contemporary study of Palestinian music in exile in the Middle East, spanning half a century in disparate and undocumented locations. Based on seven years of research in Europe and the Middle East, stories show creatively divergent and revolutionary performances and compositions springing from conditions of colonialism and repression, and contributing to a transnational aesthetics of resistance. Interviews were conducted with musicians in Kuwait, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Gaza and the West Bank, and Turkey, including musician Rīm Kīlānī, singer and composer Tāmir Abū Ġazālaẗ, singer Rawān ʿUkāšaẗ, composers and ʿūd players Saʿīd Silbāq and Aḥmad al-H̱aṭīb, percussionist Fāris ʿAnbar, and guitarists Aḥmad Ḥaddād and Tāriq Ṣalḥiyyaẗ, among others.
Burkhalter, Thomas, Kay Dickinson, and Benjamin J. Harbert (eds.). The Arab avant-garde: Music, politics, modernity (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2013). [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2013-8734; IMA catalogue reference]
From jazz trumpeters drawing on the noises of warfare in Beirut to female heavy metal performers in Alexandria, Arab culture offers a wealth of exciting, challenging, and diverse musics. The plethora of compositional and improvisational techniques, performance styles, political motivations, professional trainings, and intercontinental collaborations that claim the mantle of innovation within Arab and Arab diaspora music are examined. Engaging the “avant-garde”–a term with Eurocentric resonances–disturbs that presumed exclusivity, drawing on and challenging a growing body of literature about alternative modernities. (publisher blurb)
Clémente-Ruiz, Aurélie. Hip hop: Du Bronx aux rues Arabes [Hip hop: From the Bronx to Arab streets] (Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe; Gent: Snoeck, 2015). [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2015-89747; IMA catalogue reference].
Issued as part of the exhibition Hip Hop, du Bronx aux Rues Arabes organized by the Institut du Monde Arabe in 2015. Hip hop is approached not simply as a genre but as an aesthetic, a lifestyle in perpetual evolution and a continuous transformation. Articles by multiple authors covering various topics and aspects of hip hop history and its adaptation by contemporary Arab artists are included.
Caubet, Dominique and Amine Hamma. Jil Lklam: Poètes urbains [Jil Lklam: Urban poets] (Mohammedia: Senso Unico Éditions; Casablanca: Éditions du Sirocco, 2016). [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2016-56443; IMA catalogue reference].
The Moroccan music scene that emerged in the mid-1990s has become a crucial part of the overall cultural scene of the country. Rappers, slammers, reggae musicians, creators of metal music and nonmusic genres such as graffiti and break dance have all initiated an urban movement that mixes genres and contributes to a multicultural Morocco. The evolution of discourse emerging from the underground scene to the public sphere is explored, with attention to the lyrics of songs expressing a young generation’s interest in taboo subjects, cool music, and tough texts. Eloquent, humorous, sensitive, angry, and poetic, this creative and rebellious generation expresses, in multilingual tongues—vernacular Amazigh mixed with French, English, and Spanish–its love for its homeland along with its desire for dignity, freedom, and a better future. This generation adapted the U.S. counterculture’s ethos of do-it-yourself and solidarity while using new technology and social media to share its music. Interviews with experts on the new music scene, a selection of song texts shared in their original language and translated to French, and rich iconography are included. (publisher blurb)
Daoudi, Bouziane and Hadj Miliani. Beurs’ mélodies: Cent ans de chansons immigrées du blues berbère au rap beur [Beur melodies: One hundred years of immigrant song from Berber blues to Beur rap] (Paris: Séguier, 2002). [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2002-17097; IMA catalogue reference].
More than any other form of expression, North African immigrant song recounts the often painful chronology, frustrations, hopes, and imaginings of thousands of men and women who came to France beginning in 1890. North African artists are unique in the French musical landscape, expressing themselves through multiple musical vectors such as chanson, rock, rap, reggae, and raï. (translated from the publisher blurb)
Deval, Frédéric. “Les échelles du Levant” [The scales of the Levant] Qantara 54 (hiver 2004-05) 21–23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2004-47631; IMA catalog reference].
An interview with the Lebanese composer and pianist Zad Moultaka about his composition techniques integrating elements of Western art music and the Arab maqām. The piece Zarani for piano, ʿūd, and darbūkaẗ is analyzed.
Domat, Chloé. “L’effervescence de la scène ‘indé’ libanaise” [The effervescence of the Lebanese indie scene] Qantara 91 (printemps 2014) 22-23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2014–96209; IMA catalog reference].
The Lebanese indie music scene has seen the flourishing of groups drawing on multiple musical sources. Born spontaneously in an eclectic musical landscape, the scene’s musicians have appropriated underground spaces which they maintain through new technologies and away from the commercial music industry. (translated from the article’s introduction)
El-Sakka, Abaher. “Mohammed Assaf: Portre-parole d’une jeunesse mondialisée” [Muḥammad ʿAssāf: A spokesperson for a globalized youth], Le monde arabe existe-t-il (encore)?, ed. by Chirine El Messiri. Araborama 1 (Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe; Seuil, 2020) 52–55. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2020-76899; IMA catalogue reference].
In 2013, the young Palestinian singer Muḥammad ʿAssāf from Gaza rose to fame as the winner of the second season of Arab idol, a singing talent TV program produced by MBC TV. His background as a refugee from a Palestinian camp resonated with audiences, evoking a sense of empathy and solidarity. Since his victory, ʿAssāf has toured internationally and served as a goodwill ambassador for UNESCO and UNRWA. Through his tours and performances, he used media, youth culture, and his artistic talent, to reach audiences beyond national boundaries.
Palestinian singer Muḥammad ʿAssāf performs on Arab Idol.
El Zein, Rayya. “Resisting ‘resistance’: On political feeling in Arabic rap concerts”, Arab subcultures: Transformations in theory and practice, ed. by Layal Ftouni and Tarik Sabry. Library of modern Middle East studies (London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2016) 83–112. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2016-56445; IMA catalogue reference].
Explores the ways in which young Arab rap artists navigate the contradictions in the urban and public spheres in everyday life. The discourse of resistance permeating scholarship on rap and hip hop in the Arab world is critiqued and perceived as an expression of neoliberal power. Within the context of the rap scenes in Beirut and Ramallah, political feeling is expressed through objection, confrontation, repetition—a set of processes that hinges on collective action and solidarity rather than individual agency. Interactions, as such, should not be labeled as political but should be approached as subversive in their own terms. Conclusions are based on ethnographic studies conducted in Beirut and Ramallah, where interviews and conversations were conducted and exchanges between artists and audiences were observed.
Houssais, Coline. “La Tunisie entre rap et rage” [Tunisia between rap and rage] Qantara 99 (printemps 2016) 22–23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2016-60281; IMA catalog reference].
The Tunisian rap scene has become the forum for a youth generation deprived of their revolution. Neglected by political power, young Tunisians turn to rap to express their frustrations and aspirations. The documentary Tunisia clash (2015) directed by Hind Meddeb covers the rap scene during and in the aftermath of the 2011 Tunisian Revolution. (translated from the article’s introduction)
Isherwood, Gustav. “The hip-hop resistance: Forging unity in the Arab diaspora”, Review of Middle East studies 48:1-2 (2014) 24–33. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2014-86897; IMA catalogue reference].
Examines the role of hip hop in motivating, supporting, and unifying political resistance movements and revolutionary activity in various Arab countries.
Mezouane, Rabah. “Alger qui rappe, Oran qui raï” [Algiers raps and Oran plays raï] Qantara 26 (été 1999) 22–23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 1999-66771; IMA catalog reference].
Describes the rap music scene in Algiers and the raï music scene in Oran. In each city, young singers and musicians are shaping the sounds of Algerian popular music and reaffirming their cultural identity.
Pillault, Théophile. “Les mondes de Deena Abdelwahed” [The worlds of Deena Abdelwahed] Qantara 104 (été 2017) 19–20. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2017-93296; IMA catalog reference].
With her recent release on the prestigious electronic music label InFiné, Tunisian DJ Deena Abdelwahed introduced her compositions to the heart of the new Mediterranean electronic scene. (translated from the article’s introduction)
Deena Abdelwahed’s 2019 Tawab (Remixes) album cover.
Pillault, Théophile. “Au coeur de la nouvelle scène tunisienne” [At the heart of the new Tunisian scene] Qantara 96 (été 2015) 22–23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2015-92520; IMA catalog reference].
All the way through a revolution, three years of institutional crisis, a new constitution, political tensions, and the horror of the Bardo National Museum attack, Tunisia was fighting for a space of freedom. At the same time, Tunisian youth went out and experienced new music on dance floors. A short interview with DJ Haze-M is included. (translated from the article’s introduction)
Poché, Christian. “L’Occident, nouveau creuset de la musique arabe” [The West: The new melting-pot of Arab music] Qantara 66 (hiver 2007–08) 22–23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2008-53699; IMA catalog reference].
Arab music displays some original and unexpected aspects in the West. Whether addressing an Arab diaspora or a European audience, Arab musicians explore influences, present confrontations between genres, perform with musicians of different origins, all while revisiting their own musical traditions. (translated from the article’s introduction)
Salah, Alaa and Martin Roux. Le chant de la révolte: Le soulèvement soudanais raconté par son icône [The song of the revolution: The Sudanese uprising as told by its icon] (Lausanne: Favre, 2021). [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2021-108638; IMA catalogue reference].
In April 2019, the Sudanese revolution entered a decisive phase. At the end of four months of repressed demonstrations, protesters reached the outskirts of the army headquarters: they demanded the resignation of General Omar al-Bashir, the dictator in place in Khartoum for 30 years. His reign was marked by wars in South Sudan and Darfur and the oppression of women and all dissident voices. The youth of the country, where more than half of the population was under 25, dreamed of freedom. Suddenly, an image imposed this revolution on television news and the front page of international daily newspapers. Ālā’ Ṣalāḥ appeared a few days before the leader’s fall. Draped in white, an angry index finger pointing towards the sky, the young woman overlooked a crowd of thousands of demonstrators. As she chanted her revolutionary poetry, her gesture propelled her to the rank of a revolutionary icon and gave the Sudanese uprising a title: the revolution of women. Ultimately, Ālā’ became a leading figure in a revolution of a generation that finally tasted hope and a country engaged on a fragile path towards democracy. (translated from the publisher blurb)
Shalaby, Nadia A. “A multimodal analysis of selected Cairokee songs of the Egyptian revolution and their representation of women”, Women, culture, and the January 2011 Egyptian Revolution, ed. by Dalia Said Mostafa (London: Routledge, 2017) 59–81. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2017-90149; IMA catalogue reference].
Analyzes the music videos Ṣawt al-ḥurriyyaẗ (Voice of freedom), Yā al-mīdān (Oh, Tahrir Square), and Iṯbat makānak (Stand your ground) by the Egyptian band Cairokee. The three music videos were released during the year following the breakout of the Egyptian revolution on 25 January 2011, and each reflects the popular mood accompanying the phases of the revolution. The creation and reception of meaning through these music videos is a product of lyrics, music, and other semiotic resources such as visual cues, photographs, camera angles, framing, range of shots, and gaze. The visual design of each music video is discussed to show how multimodal discourse is formed through the employment of various visual, verbal, and musical modes. Finally, the presence and the agency of women in the three music videos are analyzed following the same analytical model.
Stocker, Valérie and Guillaume Thomassin. “Libye underground” [Underground music in Libya] Qantara 82 (hiver 2011-12) 22–23. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2011-54272; IMA catalog reference].
The underground music scene in Tripoli reflects societal shifts beyond mainstream visibility and in response to state-sponsored musical genres and censorship. Since 2011, the increasing availability of the Internet has provided young Libyans access to global musical genres, which they have adapted to articulate the unique concerns and identities of their generation. French reggae, rap, and pop-rock have been adapted and used as vehicles for social commentary and resistance.
Zegnani, Sami. “Le public du rap: Un révélateur des transformations de la société” [The rap audience: An indicator of social change], Tunisie, l’après 2011: Enquête sur les transformations de la société tunisienne [Tunisia, post-2011: Survey about the transformations of Tunisian society], ed. by France Guérin-Pace and Hassène Kassar (Aubervilliers: Institut national d’études démographiques, 2022) 197–211. [RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2022-28461; IMA catalogue reference].
Investigates the socio-demographics of Tunisian rap fans, considering age, gender, education level, profession, economic level, place of residence (urban and rural), political and religious affiliations, and extent of access to the Internet.
The Indian singer Jayashri Ramnath (better known as Bombay Jayashri) was introduced to Karnatak music in her early childhood, influenced by her parents’ roles as music teachers. Jayashri began her performing career at the age of 28, and having grown up in cosmopolitan Mumbai (formerly Bombay), she was exposed to a wide range of music genres, including bhajans, film music, Hindustani classical, and light music. Despite this diverse musical background, Jayashri’s passion for Karnatak music remained at the core of her identity. During her childhood and college years, she kept her Karnatak training a secret while also exploring other musical opportunities, including singing jingles. Her voice, shaped by Hindustani training, combined with her soulful delivery drawn from her eclectic musical experiences, made Jayashri a distinctive performer.
Jayashri also has ventured into other genres, frequently collaborating with a variety of instrumentalists and vocalists. Boldly, for a Karnatak classical singer not yet widely established, she sang for films in multiple South Asian languages, including Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu. Many of these film songs became huge successes, earning her the title of best female playback singer in Tamil Nadu province. Until today, her music is characterized by a contemplative quality known as sruti suddham. Initially criticized for offering sweet music rather than more profound depth, Jayashri’s style has matured into a serene and resonant presence. Her stage demeanor exudes dignity, free from unnecessary gestures, reflecting her deep connection to the beauty of raga. As a composer, she has also earned recognition for her collaborations with artists like Chitra Visweswara, Parvathy, and others.
Jayashri with her son, Amrit.
The most exceptional aspect of her musical career, however, is her immense popularity, which spans across regions and extends worldwide. She has truly become an internationally beloved star, forging a unique connection with diverse audiences through her hypnotic and compelling voice. Beyond her musical talents, she is known for her warmth and kindness in post-concert interactions, leaving lasting memories not only of her remarkable music but also of her humble and genuinely kind nature.
This according to “Bombay Jayashri Ramnath–Notes of resilience: Reflecting with grace and gratitude” by Shailaja Khanna (Sruti: India’s premier magazine for the performing arts 31/1 [2024] 20–25; RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2024-10526). Find it in RILM Abstracts with Full Text.
Below, Jayashri performs at a concert in Sri Lanka.
Jayashri performs Valli devasenapate.
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From 2007 to 2017, El Sistema–Venezuela’s national music education system–experienced a remarkable rise, followed by an equally dramatic decline. While it may be tempting to dismiss this decade as an anomaly in the history of music education, it more accurately represents a significant return to a long-standing rationale for music education: social activism. By placing this brief yet impactful period of El Sistema’s influence within a broader historical context, including Venetian Ospedali, British Brass Bands, and American Settlement Music Houses, El Sistema and similar music education initiatives highlighted the potential of music education to directly address societal inequities.
Cover of a DVD featuring performances of the National Children´s Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela at a European festival in 2013.
Research on El Sistema-inspired (ES-i) programs has identified key program characteristics and potential outcomes for students, such as fostering student pride and persistence, creating a sense of community within ensembles, providing low-barrier access, promoting peer mentoring, offering frequent performance opportunities, and enhancing emotional regulation skills and psychosocial well-being. However, despite these positive impacts, El Sistema and its derivatives remain highly controversial. Reports of abuse within El Sistema in Venezuela have been described as an open secret, and philosophical critiques highlight issues with the model’s ties to the Venezuelan government, its failure to address deep structural problems in society, and its reliance on propaganda to exaggerate claims of social change.
Jose Luis Alvaray, age 11, a Venezuelan musician in the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra, performs as director during a presentation at a ceremony in Caracas on 8 June 2013. Photo: Juan Barreto/AFP/Getty Images.
In this context, post-El Sistema programs may provide an additional lens through which to view musical contexts for citizenship education. These programs must confront the challenge of redefining the El Sistema model, determining whether the program serves to normalize and reproduce social structures or to foster political participation.
This according to “Ritornello: El Sistema, music education, and a centuries-long narrative of socio-musical activism” by Stephen Fairbanks (Music education research 24/1 [2022] 18–30; RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2022-21042) and “Teaching citizenship through music education: A case study of a community youth orchestra program” by Amanda E. Ellerbe (Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education 236 [spring 2023] 43–57; RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2023-14178).
The week of 17 March is International Teach Music Week.
Below, a performance by the Teresa Carreño Youth Orchestra, featuring some of Venezuela’s best high school musicians, led by Gustavo Dudamel, playing Shostakovich’s symphony no. 10, 2nd movement.
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Digital opera has roots in electroacoustic works that integrate spatial soundscapes into performance, such as Kaija Saariaho’s L’amour de loin (2000, pictured above). Musicologist Anna Schürmer offers a broader view, tracing its history even further, suggesting its origins may precede electroacoustic sound. Schürmer links the evolution of digitally mediated works to the construction of larger 18th century theaters, where sound connected audiences across physical divides. Earlier multimedia-infused productions, like Bernd Alois Zimmermann’s Die soldaten (1965), Harrison Birtwistle’s The mask of Orpheus(1986), Libby Larsen’s Frankenstein(1990), and Bill Viola’s The Tristan project (2004, in collaboration with the Los Angeles Philharmonic), are significant for their use of electronics. However, they fall short of utilizing digital sound sample processing. Additional antecedents include mid-20th century radio plays and performances where multimedia significantly shaped the auditory experience.
A production of Viola’s The Tristan project.
From Rihm’s Die Hamletmaschine.
The most prominent use of contemporary digital technology in opera lies in sound design, where digital processing techniques shape how audiences perceive sound within the performance space. This innovation builds on earlier milestones, including IRCAM (the French institute of research on music and sound) performances employing electronic or MIDI keyboards and voice, such as Wolfgang Rihm’s Die Hamletmaschine (1987) and various works by Karlheinz Stockhausen. In the 21st century, the digital manipulation of sound samples has become a staple–though often overlooked–in both contemporary and traditional operatic productions, with subtle amplification techniques further extending its reach.
This according to the new entry on digital opera by Megan Steigerwald Ille, in DEUMM Online.
Below is a performance of Die soldaten with music by Bernd Alois Zimmermann, along with an excerpt from Kaija Saariaho’s L’amour de loin sung by the soprano, Susanna Phillips.
Since its founding in the mid-1960s, the Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale (RILM) has advanced a globalist perspective, fostering international networks that have connected scholars from around the world. During a period when Europe was politically split by the Iron Curtain and non-European entities aligned with either the Eastern or Western blocs, RILM’s founder, Barry S. Brook, worked to create opportunities for multilateral collaboration on a global scale. Brook envisioned RILM as an international initiative modeled after UNESCO’s administrative structure, where each participating country established its own national committee to contribute bibliographic records to the central database in New York.
This model established an intellectual framework for collaboration, promoting equality among all participating nations. In recent years, RILM has taken this approach even further by earning UNESCO accreditation as a non-governmental organization (NGO), enabling it to provide advisory services to the Committee of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The milestone marks a significant advancement in RILM’s ongoing mission to document, preserve, and share the world’s musical knowledge. As RILM’s director, Tina Frühauf, notes, the organization’s UNESCO accreditation underscores its dedication to safeguarding global musical heritage.
Watch an interview with Frühauf below, where she discusses UNESCO accreditation, the recent addition of DEUMM Online to its suite of resources, and the upcoming release of the RILM Archive of Popular Music Magazines, a new resource that further strengthens RILM’s role in the field of popular music research.
International Women’s Day, celebrated worldwide on Saturday, 8 March, highlights the remarkable achievements of women and reinforces the ongoing pursuit of gender equality. To honor this day, Bibliolore features a reference text from RILM Music Encyclopedias, International Encyclopedia of Women Composers by Aaron I. Cohen, which celebrates the extraordinary contributions of women in music. Let its inspiring content guide you in embracing this year’s International Women’s Day theme, “accelerate action”, a rallying cry for equal rights, power, and opportunities for all. At the heart of this vision lies the empowerment of the next generation—particularly young women and adolescent girls—as driving forces for meaningful and lasting change. This year also marks the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, a progressive document used as a blueprint for women’s and girls’ rights worldwide that transformed the women’s rights agenda in terms of legal protection, access to services, youth engagement, and change in social norms and stereotypes.
A retired town planner and self-proclaimed “research buff” from Johannesburg, South Africa, Aaron I. Cohen (b.1906) made history in 1981 by publishing the first encyclopedia dedicated to women composers. The second edition of this groundbreaking work, expanded into two volumes, includes 6,200 entries and 14 appendices. Cohen’s remarkable research journey began with a four-year expedition across Europe, during which he gathered materials on women composers. He also established a global network of antiquarians who provided him with essential references. Recognizing the linguistic diversity of the sources, he eventually put together a small team capable of translating texts from at least 15 different languages.
Cohen’s encyclopedia is remarkable for its breadth, highlighting the earliest known woman composer, Hemre (2723 B.C.E.), an Egyptian leader of court music, and spans a vast geographical scope, featuring nearly 300 composers from Asia to Central America. To this day, the International encyclopedia of women composers remains the only comprehensive resource that covers virtually every known woman composer. It provides biographical details, lists of compositions and publications, as well as a bibliography. This edition also includes a discography and a list of recording companies, making it an invaluable reference for understanding the contributions of women in music.
To learn more, visit RILM Music Encyclopedias and browse through its encyclopedias devoted to a wide range of music and subjects.
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In 1989, the Malaysian band Search became a cultural phenomenon across the maritime Southeast Asia region (locally known as nusantara, or archipelago), successfully exporting their unique style of Malaysian hard rock and heavy metal, which came to be known retrospectively in the Malay language as rock kapak(literally “axe rock”). Their success paved the way for cross-border collaborations in Indonesia and elsewhere, including recordings, tours, and a feature-length film. Following the release of their 1985 debut album Cinta buatan Malaysia (Love made in Malaysia), Search emerged as leaders in the emerging Malay hard rock scene. As heavy metal and rock music gained popularity among youth across the country, Malaysian authorities attempted to limit its spread by imposing a ban on long-haired rockers in 1992. The government justified this measure by associating rock and metal with antisocial behavior, drug use, and other undesirable activities. Search found themselves at the heart of this controversy, as the ban restricted the broadcast of their music on national radio and television. Instead of altering their appearance, Search chose to defy the ban, leading to concert permit denials by government officials.
The Cinta buatan Malaysia cassette tape.
This episode underscores the connections and tensions stirred by Malay rock, which acted as both a crossing of nation-state borders and a challenge to religious and moral boundaries. The former can be understood in the context of inter-regional popular music exchanges within the nusantara region, while the latter reflects Malay rock’s resistance to authoritarian moral policing. The boundary crossings enacted by Search illustrate how the mobility of Malay rock, seen as an informal cross-nusantara movement predominantly led by male, working-class youth, opposed the conservative policies of ethnonational states. While Search’s movement across the region represented a porous crossing of domestic and regional borders, it was the emotionally resonant aspects of their popular ballads that attracted a wide audience across maritime Southeast Asia and even influenced politicians who sought to control their public image.
Search in 2022.
Despite the challenges posed by the long hair ban, Search persevered, consistently releasing albums and singles throughout the 1990s and 2000s, even as rock’s popularity declined in favor of pop, hip hop, and R&B across Asia. Their most recent album, Katharsis, was released in 2017.
This according to “Crossing borders and crossing the line: Nusantara mobilities of Search and the Malay rock phenomenon (1980s and 1990s)” by Adil Johan (Indonesia and the Malay world 51/151[2023] 257–278; RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, 2023-16963).
Below are links to two classic Search music videos:
The U.S. composer and conductor William Grant Still, whose maternal grandmother had been a slave on a plantation in Georgia, attended Wilberforce University in Ohio from 1911 to 1915 after attending high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, where his mother taught English literature. Still learned to play the violin, cello, and oboe and wrote his first arrangements and began to compose as an autodidact. In 1917, he enrolled at Oberlin Conservatory, where he studied composition and theory. After eight months of service in the Navy during World War I, Still briefly resumed his studies but in 1919, went to work in New York as an arranger for the Pace and Handy Music Publishing Company, for which he arranged, among other things the songSaint Louis blues, which was recorded by James Reese Europe’sHellfighters (369th Infantry Regiment Band). In 1936, he conducted the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra and in 1955, the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra. In both instances, Still was the first African American conductor to do so.
As many of the titles reveal, nearly all of Still’s work reflected African American life. His first orchestral compositions were Darker America (1924), From the journal of a wanderer (1925), and From the Black belt (1926). Two major orchestral pieces, Africa (1930) and the popular Afro-American symphony (1930), established his wide reputation and helped him earn a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1933. At this time, Still turned his attention to the stage with two ballets for the Ruth Page Company of Chicago: La guiablesse (1927), set in Martinique, and Sahdji (1930), with an African background. A third ballet, Miss Sally’s party, dates from 1940. In 1934, Still received another Guggenheim Fellowship for composition and moved from New York to Los Angeles, where he completed his first opera, Blue steel (1934).
Still with Verna Arvey and their two children. Photo courtesy Judith Anne Still.
This marked the beginning of a series of stage works characterized by close collaboration with Verna Arvey, a white Jewish pianist, librettist, and writer, and Still’s second wife, which became high points of his career. Almost all these works addressed racial problems in the U.S., with Troubled island being the most notable example. Created in collaboration with Langston Hughes, it premiered in 1949 at the New York City Center. Still’s dedication to African American themes resulted in three notable text settings: And they lynched him from a tree (1940); Plainchant for America (1941), and Pages from Negro history (1943). He was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship again in 1935 and 1938. During this time, Still composed for film and television while also pursuing his aspirations as a composer of serious music.
This according to the Dictionary of American classical composers (2005). Find it in RILM Music Encylopedias.
Listen to two of William Grant Still’s better known compositions below.
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As the string quartet established its place as a distinct chamber music genre, it gained a reputation as the most demanding form of instrumental music and eventually transitioned from aristocratic and bourgeois salons to public concerts. This shift required performers to adapt, transforming the music making experience from casual, intimate gatherings of like-minded individuals to more formal recitals, creating a new dynamic between performers and audience. While private quartets continued to exist alongside public performances, such practices have not been extensively documented.
Around 1800, Vienna saw a notable number of regular quartet gatherings, held in both prominent and less prominent homes, such as those of Emanuel Aloys Förster and Nikolaus Zmeskall von Domanovecz. Similar activities during the late 18th and early 19th centuries were sporadically documented across various courtly, aristocratic, and bourgeois salons throughout the German-speaking region, as well as in (primarily Austrian) monasteries and charitable foundations. These quartet performances were also featured in regular quartet entertainment or as part of larger mixed programs in both large and small towns.
While little is known about the exact musical standards of these private, semi-public, and public performances, it is likely that they were of high quality, as the performers were typically musically trained connoisseurs or professional musicians. These gatherings likely provided the foundation for developments that would dominate the 19th century: the concerts of traveling virtuosos who, from city to city, sought new partners for semi-public performances in private homes or public concerts, the concert tours of permanent ensembles, and the establishment of such ensembles in aristocratic or upper-class households.
This according to this month’s featured article on the string quartet ensemble in MGG Online.
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